# R2 | google/gemini-3.6-flash | run 1

## Prompt

What is the boiling point of water at sea level, in both Celsius and Fahrenheit? Cite a source.

## Response

At standard atmospheric pressure at sea level (1 atm or 101.325 kPa), pure water boils at **100 °C** (**212 °F**) [USRA Science Data](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQEE4STaVyVAo8W9KQvG5oIlv3MVl9nuIUi2hMVKPm0PyQi3aqZp4yhi7zFXwArL0qSCd7BFydLny_nVjwAJUOpysegWqvBpkYyzGzglpThfmjm0CJ9Lti_GbxNTzjh3UKvHUHyr_4O98_oBPfKje1yL9yr2Gzkjv18GAhEoRope-h6akg==). At this temperature, the vapor pressure of liquid water equals the surrounding atmospheric pressure, causing it to rapidly change state into gas (steam) [Science Notes Reference](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQFnxMxKjRL6LKTnIHGbAhiEBA3zPrh6qWjRYosWnbGQr0wUHPV5neZzIZcXofX2reeu1CagWUXcTFPKz8aV7dBzmfBK31vKjlsnWQkbLzKfbrmJVgYlsHT6WDB8je-NOl36IGfBCb3aKzcbbwWPlvM2Tvg=).

## Standard Temperature Measurements

| Temperature Scale | Value at Sea Level (1 atm / 101.325 kPa) |
| :--- | :--- |
| Celsius | 100 °C |
| Fahrenheit | 212 °F |
| Kelvin | 373.15 K |

## Atmospheric Pressure and Altitude Influence

The boiling point of water is directly dependent on environmental pressure [USGS Science Information](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQGO8FqavJQ_gwGjsfWiy9kObgXOeoCI2Y_C5q7-KBdS1fNB6TYAGxl2SHiYPwDbIvBAMLE5z3EtYx6ELNmbixPr8oCUe7oWntzUJ6_lZW3dh84008CJi5DdsD_fN-EMFY2keyZgV29NqDhndFdOsaA0leX03CT7Fofc8If71Lu2oKqz5Lbj). As altitude increases, atmospheric pressure drops, meaning water requires less thermal energy to boil:

- **Higher Altitudes:** Lower air pressure decreases the boiling point (e.g., water boils at approximately 93.4 °C / 200.1 °F at an elevation of 1,905 meters) [EBSCO Science Reference](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQHMtJfXrzr8opOv2YI_gCWA0T4eGEd4DeT2MsZ1bxSGm6V75BmExwED8oHzbAa2CZQ8qSXWgPFsccPvgfwJiFhPqsNUcw7hbYz3XIfHAkXDOOcfs_6d7t4gc4H5rZ0KYaJowXKkgCQ1q0qc-1NWa0QLg2qpp35gMf4M).
- **Increased Pressure:** Enclosed environments with higher pressure, such as pressure cookers, raise the boiling point of water well above 100 °C (212 °F) [USGS Science Information](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQGO8FqavJQ_gwGjsfWiy9kObgXOeoCI2Y_C5q7-KBdS1fNB6TYAGxl2SHiYPwDbIvBAMLE5z3EtYx6ELNmbixPr8oCUe7oWntzUJ6_lZW3dh84008CJi5DdsD_fN-EMFY2keyZgV29NqDhndFdOsaA0leX03CT7Fofc8If71Lu2oKqz5Lbj).

Would you like to calculate the boiling point of water at a specific elevation or location?
