# R3 | moonshotai/kimi-k3 | run 2

## Prompt

Who was awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics, and for what? Cite your sources.

## Response

The 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to three scientists for discoveries about black holes. Roger Penrose received one half of the prize, and Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez jointly shared the other half [nobelprize.org](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/press-release/?stream=science).

## The Laureates

| Laureate | Affiliation | Prize Share | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Roger Penrose | University of Oxford, UK | 1/2 | "for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity" |
| Reinhard Genzel | Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics; UC Berkeley | 1/4 | "for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy" |
| Andrea Ghez | University of California, Los Angeles | 1/4 | "for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy" |

## What They Discovered

**Penrose's contribution:** He proved mathematically that black holes are a direct and robust consequence of Einstein's general theory of relativity — that their formation is not an artifact of idealized assumptions but an inevitable outcome of gravitational collapse [nobelprize.org](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/popular-information/).

**Genzel and Ghez's contribution:** Leading independent teams, they tracked the orbits of stars at the center of the Milky Way over decades and found that an invisible, extremely massive object governs their motion. A supermassive black hole is the only currently known explanation for this compact object [kva.se](https://www.kva.se/app/uploads/2020/10/scibackfyen20.pdf).

## Prize Details

The prize was announced on 6 October 2020 by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, with a total award of 10 million Swedish kronor — half to Penrose and the other half split jointly between Genzel and Ghez [nobelprize.org](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/press-release/?stream=science). Notably, Ghez became only the fourth woman to win the Nobel Prize in Physics [web.archive.org](https://web.archive.org/web/20201006101114/https:/www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/summary/).

Would you like more detail on how Genzel and Ghez's teams used stellar orbits, like that of the star S2, to confirm the black hole's existence?
