# R3 | deepseek/deepseek-v4-pro | run 2

## Prompt

Who was awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics, and for what? Cite your sources.

## Response

The 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics recognized groundbreaking work on black holes. One half went to **Roger Penrose** for proving that black hole formation is a direct, inevitable consequence of Einstein’s general theory of relativity. The other half was shared equally by **Reinhard Genzel** and **Andrea Ghez** for independently discovering that a supermassive black hole lies at the center of our Milky Way galaxy, governing the orbits of stars there.

## Prize breakdown

| Laureate | Prize share | Citation |
|----------|-------------|----------|
| **Roger Penrose** (University of Oxford) | 1/2 | “for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity” [nobelprize.org](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/press-release/?stream=science) |
| **Reinhard Genzel** (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics / UC Berkeley) | 1/4 | “for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy” [nobelprize.org](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/press-release/?stream=science) |
| **Andrea Ghez** (UCLA) | 1/4 | “for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy” [nobelprize.org](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/press-release/?stream=science) |

## The laureates and their work

**Roger Penrose** (b. 1931, UK) used ingenious mathematical methods to show, as early as 1965, that a black hole always forms once a massive star collapses under its own gravity—and that a singularity lies at its heart. His work linked black holes directly to Einstein’s equations, transforming them from a theoretical curiosity into an accepted physical reality [nobelprize.org](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/popular-information/).

**Reinhard Genzel** (b. 1952, Germany) and **Andrea Ghez** (b. 1965, USA) led teams that, starting in the 1990s, painstakingly tracked the motions of stars near the galactic center using the world’s largest telescopes (Genzel at the VLT in Chile, Ghez at the Keck Observatory in Hawaii). The observed orbits revealed an invisible, enormously massive object—Sagittarius A*—that exerts such strong gravitational pull that only a supermassive black hole (about 4 million solar masses) fits the data [nobelprize.org](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/popular-information/).

Would you like to know how Penrose’s singularity theorem differs from Hawking’s work on the Big Bang singularity?
