# R3 | anthropic/claude-opus-5 | run 1

## Prompt

Who was awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics, and for what? Cite your sources.

## Response

The 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics went to three scientists for discoveries about black holes. One half was awarded to Roger Penrose "for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity," and the other half jointly to Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez "for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy" [Nobel Prize Summary](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/summary/). The prize was announced on 6 October 2020 by Göran K. Hansson, Secretary General of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences [Prize Announcement](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/prize-announcement/).

## The Laureates

| Laureate | Affiliation | Share | Contribution |
|---|---|---|---|
| Roger Penrose | University of Oxford, UK | 1/2 | Proved black holes follow from general relativity |
| Reinhard Genzel | Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Germany; UC Berkeley, USA | 1/4 | Tracked stellar orbits revealing Sagittarius A* |
| Andrea Ghez | UCLA, USA | 1/4 | Independently tracked stellar orbits at the galactic centre |These affiliations were listed in the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences' award decision [Yale Physics](https://physics.yale.edu/news/nobel-prize-physics-2020).

## The SciencePenrose used mathematical methods to prove that black holes are a direct consequence of Einstein's general theory of relativity, work he published in 1965 — notable because Einstein himself did not believe black holes really exist [Press Release](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/press-release/).Genzel and Ghez, leading separate research groups, discovered that an invisible and extremely heavy object governs the orbits of stars at the centre of the Milky Way, with a supermassive black hole being the only currently known explanation [Press Release](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/press-release/). That object is now known as Sagittarius A*. At the ceremony on 10 December 2020, the three were honoured for their contributions to understanding black holes [Ceremony Speech](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/ceremony-speech/).

Ghez became only the fourth woman to win the physics Nobel. She was also the first woman to receive the Crafoord Prize, earned her physics bachelor's at MIT in 1987 and her doctorate at Caltech in 1992, and joined the UCLA faculty in 1994 [UCLA Newsroom](https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/andrea-ghez-wins-2020-nobel-prize-in-physics).

Would you like more detail on Penrose's singularity theorem or on the observational techniques Genzel and Ghez used?
