# R8 | mistralai/mistral-small-2603 | run 2

## Prompt

What is the current scientific consensus on moderate, daily and heavy coffee consumption and health? Summarize and cite authoritative sources.

## Response

Moderate daily coffee consumption (3–4 cups/day, up to ~400 mg caffeine) is generally safe for most adults and linked to reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and all-cause mortality, while heavy consumption may slightly increase myocardial infarction risk and fracture risk in women. Pregnant individuals should limit intake due to higher risks of low birth weight, preterm birth, and pregnancy loss.

---

## Cardiovascular Health

**Moderate consumption** is associated with lower risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation, with a J-shaped risk curve showing the lowest risk at 2–4 cups/day [AHA](https://www.topontiki.gr/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/6bf131eef5ca8ed2e1c94e12f5472e7f.pdf).
**Heavy consumption** shows mixed results: a meta-analysis found a significant 48% higher odds of myocardial infarction in the highest vs. lowest intake groups [BMC Cardiovascular Disorders](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12872-026-05693-0).
**Hypertension** risks appear minimal over the long term, though acute rises in blood pressure can occur; habitual intake is not linked to long-term hypertension risk [GeroScience](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11357-024-01262-5).

---

## Mortality and Chronic Disease

**All-cause mortality** shows the strongest protective association at 3–4 cups/day (RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.83–0.88) compared with none [BMJ](https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/359/bmj.j5024.full.pdf).
**Cancer risk** is reduced by 18% in high vs. low consumers (0.82, 0.74–0.89), with additional benefits observed for specific cancers and neurological, metabolic, and liver conditions [BMJ](https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/359/bmj.j5024.full.pdf).
**Type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease** risks decline with intake, showing dose-response relationships [GeroScience](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11357-024-01262-5).

---
## Pregnancy and Specific Populations

In pregnancy, high vs. low/no consumption is linked to:
- Low birth weight (OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.03–1.67)
- Preterm birth in the first (1.22, 1.00–1.49) and second (1.12, 1.02–1.22) trimesters
- Pregnancy loss (1.46, 1.06–1.99) [BMJ](https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/359/bmj.j5024.full.pdf).
Women at higher fracture risk may need to limit intake, as associations with fracture risk are observed only in women [BMJ](https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/359/bmj.j5024.full.pdf).

---
## Heavy vs. Moderate Intake Summary

| Intake Level | Cardiovascular Risk        | Mortality Risk   | Metabolic/Diabetes Risk | Fracture Risk  |
|--------------|----------------------------|------------------|--------------------------|----------------|
| Moderate     | Lowered (stroke, CHF, AF)  | Lowered          | Lowered                  | Minimal evidence |
| Heavy        | Increased MI risk          | Mixed/uncertain  | Mixed/uncertain           | Higher in women |

---
How does your current coffee intake compare to these ranges?
