# R3 | z-ai/glm-5.2 | run 1

## Prompt

Who was awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics, and for what? Cite your sources.

## Response

The 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to three scientists for discoveries related to black holes: Roger Penrose received one half of the prize for his theoretical work, while Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez shared the other half for their observational discovery of a supermassive compact object at the center of our galaxy [nobelprize.org](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/press-release/?stream=science).

## Laureates and Discoveries

**Roger Penrose** (University of Oxford, UK)
- Awarded one half of the prize "for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity" [nobelprize.org](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/summary/).
- Penrose showed that the general theory of relativity leads to the formation of black holes, providing a rigorous mathematical foundation for these exotic objects [nobelprize.org](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/press-release/?stream=science).

**Reinhard Genzel** (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Germany, and University of California, Berkeley, USA) and **Andrea Ghez** (University of California, Los Angeles, USA)
- Jointly awarded the other half "for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy" [nobelprize.org](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/summary/).
- Their work involved observing the orbits of stars at the center of the Milky Way, leading to the conclusion that an invisible, extremely heavy object—a supermassive black hole—governs these orbits [kva.se](https://www.kva.se/app/uploads/2020/10/scibackfyen20.pdf).

## Prize Details

The prize amount was 10 million Swedish kronor, divided with one half going to Penrose and the other half jointly to Genzel and Ghez [nobelprize.org](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/press-release/?stream=science). The award was announced on October 6, 2020, by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences [nobelprize.org](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/prize-announcement/).

What impact did these discoveries have on our understanding of the universe?
