# R3 | z-ai/glm-5.2 | run 2

## Prompt

Who was awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics, and for what? Cite your sources.

## Response

The 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to three scientists for their discoveries concerning black holes. Roger Penrose received one half of the prize for proving that black hole formation is a robust prediction of general relativity. Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez shared the other half for discovering a supermassive compact object at the center of our galaxy [nobelprize.org](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/press-release/?stream=science).

## Laureates and Citations

**Roger Penrose (1/2 share)**
- Affiliation: University of Oxford, UK
- Awarded "for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity" [nobelprize.org](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/press-release/?stream=science).

**Reinhard Genzel (1/4 share)**
- Affiliations: Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany and University of California, Berkeley, USA
- Awarded "for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy" [nobelprize.org](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/press-release/?stream=science).

**Andrea Ghez (1/4 share)**
- Affiliation: University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Awarded "for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy" [nobelprize.org](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/press-release/?stream=science).

## Scientific Contributions

Roger Penrose established the theoretical foundation by demonstrating that black holes are a direct consequence of Einstein's general theory of relativity, showing their formation is a robust prediction rather than a mathematical artifact [kva.se](https://www.kva.se/app/uploads/2020/10/scibackfyen20.pdf).

Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez led independent teams that observed the orbits of stars at the center of the Milky Way galaxy. They discovered that an invisible and extremely heavy object governs the stars' orbits, with a supermassive black hole being the only currently known explanation [nobelprize.org](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/popular-information/).

How did the observational methods used by Genzel and Ghez complement Penrose's theoretical work?
