# R2 | google/gemini-3.6-flash | run 2

## Prompt

What is the boiling point of water at sea level, in both Celsius and Fahrenheit? Cite a source.

## Response

At standard atmospheric pressure at sea level (1 atm or 101.325 kPa), pure water boils at **100 °C** (**100 degrees Celsius**) or **212 °F** (**212 degrees Fahrenheit**) [Water Property Basics](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQHkj1Fjr1d5JL_C0tLYcOEIrZsC8OQ87JvFbHfQs20SeSz1oBR2cxw9C2wdqdRc74YVTaw14jPZkF3C9AezYPzUhHsZ8SPQjbJ38ESzcQfV5f39nGHFtnZwTN3U-PCCT3bhL86xAyrBueUAiFbLDdh8OvE). This fundamental physical property served as a primary reference standard during the development of modern thermometric scales [Atmospheric Pressure Study](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQGFnGJfD0-Cnd4nKFFNNPwYZ6IUpEORNrYB2T1PclD5vJQjSSic6-waQZqGFQhvBk0BHOHqg8ZhXnxTNWs0DngSYXFwBspe8B8Aq-V-yuyRRyfNYIoDW1327HOujditl7WrKqn1KZmOnqhLewbMa-w7avqR2A5xYY2Igeo9uOvPe9FICvnIMnaQ0Rd13W7ea91JX6vN3HI2iuQ).

## Standard Boiling Point Values

Under standard sea-level atmospheric pressure, water transitions from a liquid to a gas phase at the following temperatures:

| Temperature Scale | Value at 1 atm (101.325 kPa) | Scientific Precision Value |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Celsius** | 100 °C | 99.97 °C [Boiling Point Overview](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQHUkwCV5bpxofpxQJ0j3nBrXI9asOG9kUZDVCC4DsA1aSBl1-rN1I18JHSydMR8RxxDA-ypoBJK73f1gNwGpgYi2wA2QBNY-fUtI1cp1uNzxGAjBD2iuD1ZxgEpMQahO3z5GYkDD-I=) |
| **Fahrenheit** | 212 °F | 211.95 °F [Boiling Point Overview](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQHUkwCV5bpxofpxQJ0j3nBrXI9asOG9kUZDVCC4DsA1aSBl1-rN1I18JHSydMR8RxxDA-ypoBJK73f1gNwGpgYi2wA2QBNY-fUtI1cp1uNzxGAjBD2iuD1ZxgEpMQahO3z5GYkDD-I=) |
| **Kelvin** | 373.15 K | 373.12 K |

Under the IUPAC standard reference pressure of 1 bar (100 kPa), pure water boils at **99.61 °C** (**211.3 °F**) [Boiling Point Overview](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQHUkwCV5bpxofpxQJ0j3nBrXI9asOG9kUZDVCC4DsA1aSBl1-rN1I18JHSydMR8RxxDA-ypoBJK73f1gNwGpgYi2wA2QBNY-fUtI1cp1uNzxGAjBD2iuD1ZxgEpMQahO3z5GYkDD-I=).

## Impact of Altitude and Pressure

Boiling occurs when a liquid's vapor pressure equals the surrounding ambient air pressure [Boiling Point Overview](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQHUkwCV5bpxofpxQJ0j3nBrXI9asOG9kUZDVCC4DsA1aSBl1-rN1I18JHSydMR8RxxDA-ypoBJK73f1gNwGpgYi2wA2QBNY-fUtI1cp1uNzxGAjBD2iuD1ZxgEpMQahO3z5GYkDD-I=). Because atmospheric density and pressure drop as elevation increases, the boiling point decreases at higher altitudes [Water Boiling Reference](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQEZ4vWlWXwrTWW7l9CTCkFYKFWjDaKp865Z50qIWra1lf2k_7dIh18ZwqONs4_ZT2Ncy-DI-wTm74R2DrIGlOx23ylgRXyso7xohZfaxplNyy57FK-mIKBPtLr4cOULEETZ7PIsAGUZUpBB-8BDk8ixJrdqH5Fg4QyC):

* **1,000 ft below sea level:** 213.9 °F (101.1 °C) [Water Boiling Reference](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQEZ4vWlWXwrTWW7l9CTCkFYKFWjDaKp865Z50qIWra1lf2k_7dIh18ZwqONs4_ZT2Ncy-DI-wTm74R2DrIGlOx23ylgRXyso7xohZfaxplNyy57FK-mIKBPtLr4cOULEETZ7PIsAGUZUpBB-8BDk8ixJrdqH5Fg4QyC)
* **Sea level (0 ft):** 212.0 °F (100.0 °C) [Water Property Basics](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQHkj1Fjr1d5JL_C0tLYcOEIrZsC8OQ87JvFbHfQs20SeSz1oBR2cxw9C2wdqdRc74YVTaw14jPZkF3C9AezYPzUhHsZ8SPQjbJ38ESzcQfV5f39nGHFtnZwTN3U-PCCT3bhL86xAyrBueUAiFbLDdh8OvE)
* **1,000 ft above sea level:** 210.1 °F (98.9 °C) [Water Boiling Reference](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQEZ4vWlWXwrTWW7l9CTCkFYKFWjDaKp865Z50qIWra1lf2k_7dIh18ZwqONs4_ZT2Ncy-DI-wTm74R2DrIGlOx23ylgRXyso7xohZfaxplNyy57FK-mIKBPtLr4cOULEETZ7PIsAGUZUpBB-8BDk8ixJrdqH5Fg4QyC)
* **10,000 ft above sea level:** 193.2 °F (89.6 °C) [Water Boiling Reference](https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQEZ4vWlWXwrTWW7l9CTCkFYKFWjDaKp865Z50qIWra1lf2k_7dIh18ZwqONs4_ZT2Ncy-DI-wTm74R2DrIGlOx23ylgRXyso7xohZfaxplNyy57FK-mIKBPtLr4cOULEETZ7PIsAGUZUpBB-8BDk8ixJrdqH5Fg4QyC)

Would you like to calculate the exact boiling point of water for a specific elevation or geographic location?
