# R3 | moonshotai/kimi-k3 | run 1

## Prompt

Who was awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics, and for what? Cite your sources.

## Response

The 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to three scientists for groundbreaking discoveries about black holes. Roger Penrose received one half of the prize, while Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez jointly shared the other half [nobelprize.org](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/press-release/?stream=science).

## The Laureates

| Laureate | Affiliation | Share | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Roger Penrose | University of Oxford, UK | One half | "for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity" |
| Reinhard Genzel | Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Germany; UC Berkeley, USA | One quarter | "for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy" |
| Andrea Ghez | University of California, Los Angeles, USA | One quarter | "for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy" |

The prize was announced on 6 October 2020 by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, with a total prize amount of 10 million Swedish kronor [nobelprize.org](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/press-release/?stream=science).

## What They Discovered

**Penrose's contribution:** Using ingenious mathematical methods, Penrose proved that black holes are a direct and robust consequence of Einstein's general theory of relativity—demonstrating that their formation is a natural prediction of the theory, not just a mathematical curiosity [nobelprize.org](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/popular-information/).

**Genzel and Ghez's contribution:** Leading independent teams, Genzel and Ghez spent decades tracking the orbits of stars at the center of the Milky Way. Their observations revealed that an invisible, extremely heavy object—roughly four million times the mass of the Sun—governs those orbits. A supermassive black hole is the only currently known explanation [nobelprize.org](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/popular-information/).

Would you like more detail on the observational methods Genzel and Ghez used to study the galactic center?
